5/5/2023 0 Comments Noti chilapa![]() Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, mass pilgrimages diminished since many of those devotions depoliticised with the development of tourism in folklorised versions, diluted into forms of religiosity without culture, more fluid and individual ( de Certeau and Domenach 19 Pack 2010). Despite the works mentioned, however, there are no overall studies of the national pilgrimages that arrived in Rome during this period, nor have the Latin American pilgrimages that took place during the pontificates of Pius IX and Leo XIII even been analysed. In turn, the Holy See contributed to these types of national and worker pilgrimages with the celebration of ordinary and extraordinary jubilees which illustrated the global dimension of papal power ( Ticchi 2005). Researchers have particularly focussed on the French and Spanish pilgrimages ( Brennan 2000 Faes Díaz 2009). As well as national pilgrimages, workers’ pilgrimages were also organised which, financed by parishes and businesses, served to demonstrate the adhesion by the proletariat to Catholicism and thereby to fight socialism and anarchism. The national pilgrimages had a strong political dimension, both in their defence of the papacy’s temporal sovereignty as well as for their nature of protest against the participants’ political regimes, such as the Royalist Catholics against the French Third Republic, the Legitimists against the Spanish Bourbon Restoration, or the German Catholics against the Kulturkampf ( Brennan 2000 Dupont 2018 Heid 2020). From the mid-nineteenth century, the papacy’s progressive loss of territories in the face of advancing Italian unification awoke a wave of empathy and solidarity with the papacy, which came to be expressed in forms of devotion to the pope as an alter christus ( Horaist 1995 Zambarbieri 2005 Seiler 2007). The disappearance of the Papal States with the capture of Rome in 1870 stirred a wave of protests in the Catholic world, which was channelled, among other elements, through the celebration of national pilgrimages to Rome in solidarity with the pope. These new devotional models spread rapidly across the globe ( Kotulla 2006 Halemba 2008 Ramón Solans 2016) and later had an important impact on the development of secular pilgrimages, as well as in the reinvention of sacred places ( Reader and Walter 1993 Margry 2008 Barbato 2013 Eade 2020). ![]() The need for an organisational structure capable of planning the journey and accommodating such a large number of pilgrims daily, as well as the new consumer and recreational relationships the pilgrims established with their destination, were present in the rise of the new figure of the pilgrim-tourist and of mass tourism itself ( Dupront 1967 Kark 2001 Cohen-Hattab and Shoval 2003 Cohen-Hattab and Shoval 2015 Timothy and Olsen 2006 Raj and Morpeth 2007). This model was characterised by its large-scale nature, enabled by the incorporation of means of transport such as railways or steam ships, communication media such as newspapers, and mass-produced commodities such as small medals, prayer cards, and other types of souvenir ( Cinquin 1980 Harris 1999 Kaufman 2005 Wharton 2006 Eade 2015). In the nineteenth century, the practice of pilgrimage was profoundly and lastingly reshaped, so much that in many respects it still pertains in shrines around the world. The pilgrimages contributed simultaneously to reinforcing the link between Catholicism and Mexican national identity and the global dimension of Catholicism and allegiance to the Holy See. The study’s primary conclusion is that national pilgrimages to Rome had a polysemic character since they brought together various religious and national identities. It is fundamentally based on primary sources of an official nature, such as reports and other printed documents produced on the occasion of the pilgrimage. This paper’s analysis of these pilgrimages draws from historiography about national pilgrimages, as well as studies on Catholic mobilisation in support of the pope in the second half of the nineteenth century. ![]() These pilgrimages occurred in the context of a global Catholic mobilisation in support of the papacy, during the so-called Roman Question. The objective of this article is to analyse Mexican national pilgrimages to Rome that took place during the pontificate of Leo XIII (1878–1903). ![]()
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